International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) samler regeringer og eksperter for at styrke og fremme undervisningen om, bevidstheden om og forskningen i holocaust på verdensplan og for at opretholde forpligtelserne i Stockholm-erklæringen fra 2000.
Den retligt ikke-bindende arbejdsdefinition af antisemitisme blev vedtaget den 26. maj 2016 af de 31 medlemslande af International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance:
“Antisemitisme er en bestemt opfattelse af jøder, der kan udtrykkes som had mod jøder. Retoriske og fysiske former for antisemitisme rettes mod jødiske og ikke-jødiske enkeltpersoner og/eller deres ejendom samt institutioner og religiøse samlingssteder, der tilhører jødiske samfund”
For at vejlede IHRA i dens arbejde kan følgende eksempler tjene et illustrativt formål:
De forskellige former kan omfatte anslag mod Staten Israel, der opfattes som et jødisk fællesskab. En kritik af Israel i lighed med den, der rettes mod et hvilket som helst andet land, kan imidlertid ikke betragtes som antisemitisk. Antisemitisme anklager ofte jøder for at være med i en sammensværgelse for at skade menneskeheden og bruges ofte til at give jøder skylden for, at “noget går galt”. Den kommer til udtryk i tale, på skrift, i visuelle former og i handling og gør brug af skumle stereotyper og negative karaktertræk.
Aktuelle eksempler på antisemitisme i det offentlige liv, i medierne, på skoler, på arbejdspladser eller i religiøs sammenhæng kan alt efter den generelle kontekst blandt andet – uden dog at være begrænset til nedenstående – være at:
Antisemitiske handlinger er strafbare, når de er defineret som sådan i loven (f.eks. benægtelse af holocaust eller distribution af antisemitisk materiale i visse lande).
Kriminelle handlinger er antisemitiske, når angrebsmålene, hvad enten der er tale om mennesker eller ejendomme – f.eks. bygninger, skoler, religionsinstitutioner og kirkegårde – udvælges, fordi de er, eller opfattes som, jødiske eller forbindes med jøder.
Antisemitisk diskrimination er, når jøder nægtes muligheder eller tjenesteydelser, som andre har adgang til, og er ulovligt i mange lande.
The IHRA is the only intergovernmental organization mandated to focus solely on Holocaust-related issues. With evidence that the scourge of antisemitism was once again on the rise, we resolved to take a leading role in combating it.
Combating antisemitism requires international cooperation among experts, governments, and civil society, which meant a mutual starting point for discussion and action was needed. Following the example of the working definition of Holocaust denial and distortion (2013), the IHRA’s experts set out to adopt a similar tool to help guide the organization’s work on combating antisemitism.
The experts in the IHRA’s Committee on Antisemitism and Holocaust Denial built international consensus around a non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism, which was then adopted by the Plenary, the IHRA’s decision-making body made up of representatives from all IHRA Member Countries. By doing so, the IHRA provided an important practical tool for its Member Countries.
The working definition of antisemitism has brought the issue once more to the attention of leaders around the world, making them aware that much work still needs to be done to address antisemitism, which is deeply rooted in our societies.
As a result, countries and organizations have developed national and regional strategies to counter antisemitism, and have appointed Special Envoys and other advisors on the issue. The working definition has helped educate and sensitize administrations, politicians, judges, police, teachers, media, and civil society.
Its broad international implementation has allowed monitoring organizations to better track antisemitism across borders, and has provided researchers and civil society organizations with a way to better moderate content online, including by training AI tools.
The working definition has empowered many to address this rise in hate and discrimination at their national levels. Information on endorsement and adoption of the IHRA working definition of antisemitism by UN member states and some international organizations can be found here.
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